Texas-Instruments-ULN2803CDWR

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Texas-Instruments-ULN2803CDWR

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ULN2803C Darlington Transistor Array  
1 Features  
3 Description  
•
500-mA-rated collector current  
(single output)  
High-voltage outputs: 50 V  
Output clamp diodes  
The ULN2803C device is a 50-
V
,
5
00-mA Darlington  
transistor array. The device consists of eight NPN  
Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with  
common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive  
loads. The collector-current rating of each Darlington  
pair is 500 mA. The Darlington pairscan be connected  
in parallel for higher current capability.  
•
•
•
Inputs compatible with various types of logic  
2 Applications  
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers,  
lamp drivers, display drivers (LED and gas discharge),  
line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2803C device  
has a 2.7-kΩ series base resistor for each Darlington  
pair for operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS  
devices.  
Relay, solenoid, and lamp driving  
Stepper motor driving  
Package Information

PART NUMBER  
PACKAGE  
BODY SIZE (NOM)  
ULN2803CDW  
DW (SOIC, 20)  
12.80 mm × 7.50 mm  
(1) For
 
all available packages, see the orderable addendum at  
the end of the data sheet.  
An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this data sheet addresses availability, warranty, changes, use in safety-critical applications,  
intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers. PRODUCTION DATA.  
 
 
 

SLRS076

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Table of Contents  
4 Revision History  
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.  
DATE  
REVISION  
NOTES  
August 2022  
*
Initial release.  
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5 Pin Configuration and Functions  
Figure 5-1. DW Package 20-Pin SOIC Top View  
Table 5-1. Pin Functions  
PIN  
TYPE  
DESCRIPTION  
NAME  
1B  
NO.  
1
2B  
2
3B  
3
4B  
4
I
Channel 1 through 8 Darlington base input  
5B  
5
6B  
6
7B  
7
8B  
8
1C  
20  
19  
18  
17  
16  
15  
14  
13  
9
2C  
3C  
4C  
O
Channel 1 through 8 Darlington collector output  
5C  
6C  
7C  
8C  
GND  
COM  
—
I/O  
—
Common emitter shared by all channels (typically tied to ground)  
Common cathode node for flyback diodes (required for inductive loads)  
No connect pin  
12  
NC  
10, 11  
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6 Specifications  
6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings  
at 25°C free-air temperature (unless otherwise noted)

MIN  
MAX  
50  
UNIT  
V
V

CE  

V

I  

Collector-emitter voltage  
Input voltage

30  
V
Peak collector current  
500  
500  
–2.5  
150  
150  
mA  
mA  
A
I(clamp) Output
 
clamp current  
T
o
tal substrate-terminal current  
Junction temperature  
Storage temperature  
T

J  

–65  
–65  
°C  
°C  
T

stg  

(1) Operation
 
outside the Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent device damage. Absolute MaximumRatings do not imply  
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those listedunder Recommended Operating Conditions. If  
used outside the Recommended Operating Conditions but withinthe Absolute Maximum Ratings, the device may not be fully functional,  
and this may affect device reliability,functionality, performance, and shorten the device lifetime.  
(2) All
 
voltage values, unless otherwise noted, are with respect to the emitter/substrate terminal GND.  
6.2 ESD Ratings  
VALUE  
±2000  
±500  
UNIT  
Human body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001

Charged device model (CDM), per ANSI/ESDA/ JEDEC JS-002

V

(ESD)  

Electrostatic discharge  
V
(1) JEDEC
 
document JEP155 states that 500-V HBM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process.  
(2) JEDEC
 
document JEP157 states that 250-V CDM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process.  
6.3 Recommended Operating Conditions  
over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)  
MIN  
0
MAX  
UNIT  
V

CE  

T

A  

Collector-emitter voltage  
Ambient temperature  
50  
85  
V
–40  
°C  
6.4 Thermal Information  
ULN2803C  
THERMAL METRIC

DW (SOIC)  
20 PINS  
UNIT  
R

θJA  

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance  
68.8  
34.3  
°C/W  
°C/W  
R

θJC(top)  

R

θJB  

Junction-to-case (top) thermal resistance  
Junction-to-board thermal resistance  
37.5  
10.7  
37.0  
N/A  
°C/W  
°C/W  
°C/W  
°C/W  
ψ

JT  

Junction-to-top characterization parameter  
Junction-to-board characterization parameter  
Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance  
ψ

JB  

R

θJC(bot)  

(1) For
 
more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the

application  
report.  
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6.5 Electrical Characteristics  
at T

A

= 25°C free-air temperature (unless otherwise noted)  
ULN2803C  
PARAMETER  
TEST CONDITIONS  
UNIT  
MIN  
TYP  
MAX  
V

CE

= 50
V
,  
I

CEX  

Collector cutoff current  
I

I

= 0  
50  
μA  
μA  
V

CE

= 50
V
,  
T

A

= 70°C  
I

C

= 500 μA,  
I

I(off)  

I

I(on)  

Off-state input current  
Input current  
50  
65  
V

I

= 3.85
V
,  
I

C

= 200 mA  
I

C

= 250 mA  
I

C

= 300 mA  
0.93  
1.35 mA  
2.4  
V

CE

= 2
V
,  
V

I(on)  

On-state input voltage  
2.7  
3
V
I

I

= 250 μA,  
I

C

= 100 mA  
I

C

= 200 mA  
I

C

= 350 mA  
0.9  
1
1.1  
1.3  
1.6  
I

I

= 350 μA,  
V

CE(sat)  

Collector-emitter saturation voltage  
V
I

I

= 500 μA,  
1.3  
I

R  

Clamp diode reverse current  
Clamp diode forward voltage  
Input capacitance  
V

R

= 50
V
,  
I

F

= 350 mA  
V

I

= 0,  
f = 1 MHz  
50  
2
μA  
V
V

F  

C

i  

1.7  
15  
25  
pF  
6.6 Switching Characteristics  
T

A

= 25°C  
PARAMETER  
TEST CONDITIONS  
MIN  
TYP  
130  
20  
MAX UNIT  
t

PLH  

t

PHL  

V

OH  

Propagation delay time, low- to high-level output  
Propagation delay time, high- to low-level output  
High-level output voltage after switching  
V

S

= 50
V
,
C

L

= 15 p
F
,
R

L

= 163 Ω,  
ns  
V

S

= 50
V
,
I

O

= 300 mA, see

V

S

– 20  
mV  
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6.7 Typical Characteristics  
μ
μ
μ
μ
μ
μ
Figure 6-1. Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage vs  
Collector Current (One Darlington)  
Figure 6-2. Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage  
vs Total Collector Current (Two Darlingtons in  
Parallel)  
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7 Parameter Measurement Information  
Open  
V
CE  
Open V  
CE  
I
C
I
I
CEX  
I(off)  
Open  
Figure 7-1. I

CEX

Test Circuit  
Figure 7-2. I

I(off)

Test Circuit  
Open  
Open  
I
I
I
C
V
I
V
I
Open  
V
CE  
Figure 7-3. I

I(on)

Test Circuit  
Figure 7-4. V

I(on)

Test Circuit  
Open  
V
R
I
C
h
I
=
FE  
I
R
I
I
I
I
C
Open  
V
CE  
Figure 7-6. I

R

Test Circuit  
Figure 7-5. h

FE

, V

CE(sat)

Test Circuit  
I
F
V
F
Open  
Figure 7-7. V

F

Test Circuit  
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Input  
Open  
V
S
= 50 V  
R =
 
163
Ω
 
L
Pulse  
Generator  
(see Note A)  
Output  
C =
 
15 pF  
L
(see Note B)  
Test Circuit  
<5 ns  
<10 ns  
V
IH  
(see Note C)  
90%  
50%  
90%  
50%  
Input  
10%  
10%  
0
0.5
µ
s  
t
t
PLH  
PHL  
V
OH  
50%  
50%  
Output  
Voltage Waveforms  
A. The
 
pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 12.5 kHz, Z

O

= 50 Ω.  
B. C

L

includes probe and jig capacitance.  
C. V

IH

= 3
V
.  
Figure 7-8. Propagation Delay Times  
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V
S
Input  
2 mH  
163
Ω
 
Pulse  
Generator  
(see Note A)  
Output  
C =
 
15 pF  
L
(see Note B)  
Test Circuit  
<5 ns  
<10 ns  
V
IH  
(see Note C)  
90%  
1.5 V  
90%  
1.5 V  
Input  
10%  
10%  
0
40
µ
s  
V
OH  
Output  
Voltage Waveforms  
A. The
 
pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 12.5 kHz, Z

O

= 50 Ω.  
B. C

L

includes probe and jig capacitance.  
C. V

IH

= 3
V
.  
Figure 7-9. Latch-Up Test  
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8 Detailed Description  
8.1 Overview  
This standard device has proven ubiquity and versatility across a wide range of applications. This feature is due  
to its integration of eight Darlington transistors that are capable of sinking up to 500 mA and wide GPIO range  
capability.  
The ULN2803C is comprised of eight high voltage, high current NPN Darlington transistor pairs. All units  
feature a common emitter and open collector outputs.
T
o
m
aximize their effectiveness, these units contain  
suppression diodes for inductive loads. The ULN2803C has a series base resistor to each Darlington pair, thus  
allowing operation directly with TTL or CMOS operating at supply voltages of 5 V or 3.3
V
.
T
he ULN2803C  
offers solutions to a great many interface needs, including solenoids, relays, lamps, small motors, and LEDs.  
Applications requiring sink currents beyond the capability of a single output can be accommodated by paralleling  
the outputs.  
8.2 Functional Block Diagram  
COM  
Output C  
2.7 k
Ω
 
Input B  
7.2 k
Ω  
3 k
Ω  
E
8.3 Feature Description  
Each channel of ULN2803C consists of Darlington connected NPN transistors. This connection creates the  
effect of a single transistor with a very-high current gain. The very high β allows for high output current drive with  
a very-low input current, essentially equating to operation with low GPIO voltages.  
The GPIO voltage is converted to base current through the 2.7-kΩ resistor connected between the input and  
base of the predriver Darlington NPN.  
The diodes connected between the output and COM pin are used to suppress the kickback voltage from an  
inductive load that is excited when the NPN drivers are turned off (stop sinking) and the stored energy in the  
coils causes a reverse current to flow into the coil supply through the kickback diode.  
In normal operation, the diodes on base and collector pins to emitter are reverse biased. If these diodes are  
forward biased, internal parasitic NPN transistors draw (a nearly equal) current from other (nearby) device pins.  
8.4 Device Functional Modes  
8.4.1 Inductive Load Drive  
When the COM pin is tied to the coil supply voltage, ULN2803C can drive inductive loads and suppress the  
kickback voltage through the internal free wheeling diodes.  
8.4.2 Resistive Load Drive  
When driving resistive loads, COM can be left unconnected or connected to the load voltage supply. If multiple  
supplies are used, connect to the highest voltage supply.  
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9 Application and Implementation  
Note  
Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification,  
and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for  
determining suitability of components for their purposes, as well as validating and testing their design  
implementation to confirm system functionality.  
9.1 Application Information  
ULN2803C is typically used to drive a high-voltage or current peripherals from an MCU or logic device that  
cannot tolerate these conditions. The following design is a common application of ULN2803C, driving inductive  
loads. This includes motors, solenoids, and relays. Each load type can be modeled by what is seen in

9-1

.  
9.2 Typical Application  
Figure 9-1. ULN2803C as Inductive Load Driver  
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9.2.1 Design Requirements  
For this design example, use the parameters listed in

as the input parameters.  
Table 9-1. Design Parameters  
DESIGN PARAMETER  
GPIO voltage  
EXAMPLE VALUE  
3.3 or 5 V  
Coil supply voltage  
Number of channels  
12 to 50 V  
8
Output current (R

COIL  

)
20 to 300 mA per channel  
100%  
Duty cycle  
9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure  
When using ULN2803C in a coil driving application, determine the following:  
•
•
•
•
Input voltage range  
T
e
mperature range  
Output and drive current  
Power dissipation  
9.2.2.1 Drive Current  
The coil current is determined by the coil voltage (VSUP), coil resistance, and output low voltage (V

OL

or  
V

CE(SAT)

).  
I

COIL

= (V

SUP

– V

CE(SAT)

) / R

COIL  

(1)  
9.2.2.2 Output Low Voltage  
The output low voltage (V

OL

) is the same thing as V

CE(SAT)

and can be determined by

,

, or  
9.2.2.3 Power Dissipation and Temperature  
The number of coils driven is dependent on the coil current and on-chip power dissipation.
T
o
d
etermine the  
number of coils possible, use

to calculate ULN2803C on-chip power dissipation P

D

.  
N
V
´
I

Li  

P
=

å  
D
OLi  
i
=
1  
(2)  
where  
•
•
N is the number of channels active together.  
V

OLi

is the OUT

i

pin voltage for the load current I

Li

. This is the same as V

CE(SAT)  

.
To
e
nsure the reliability of ULN2803C and the system, the on-chip power dissipation must be lower that or equal  
to the maximum allowable power dissipation (P

D

) dictated by

.  
T
–
T

A  

(
)
J MAX  
(
)
P
D

(

MAX  

=
)
q

JA  

(3)  
where  
•
•
•
T

J(MAX)

is the target maximum junction temperature.  
T

A

is the operating ambient temperature.  
θ

JA

is the package junction to ambient thermal resistance.  
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TI recommends to limit the ULN2803C IC die junction temperature to < 125°C. The IC junction temperature is  
directly proportional to the on-chip power dissipation.  
9.2.3 Application Curves  
The following curves are generated with ULN2803C driving an OMRON G5NB relay – V

in

= 5.0 V; V

sup

= 12 V  
and R

COIL

= 2.8 kΩ.  
13  
12  
11  
10  
9
14  
12  
10  
8
8
7
6
6
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
0
-0.004  
0
-0.004  
0
0.004  
0.008  
Time (s)  
0.012  
0.016  
0
0.004  
0.008  
Time (s)  
0.012  
0.016  
D001  
D001  
Figure 9-2. Output Response with Activation of  
Coil (Turn-On)  
Figure 9-3. Output Response with De-activation of  
Coil (Turn Off)  
9.3 Power Supply Recommendations  
This devicedoes not need a power supply; however, the COM pin is typically tied to the system power supply.  
With this case, make sure that the output voltage does not heavily exceed the COM pin voltage. This action can  
heavily forward bias the flyback diodes and cause a large current to flow into COM, potentially damaging the  
on-chip metal or overheating the part.  
9.4 Layout  
9.4.1 Layout Guidelines  
Thin traces can be used on the input due to the low current logic that is typically used to drive ULN2803C.
T
a
ke  
care to separate the input channels as much as possible, as to eliminate crosstalk. TI recommends thick traces  
for the output to drive high currents as desired. Wire thickness can be determined by the trace material current  
density and desired drive current.  
Because all of the channels currents return to a common emitter, size that trace width to be very wide. Some  
applications require up to 2.5 A.  
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9.4.2 Layout Example  
Figure 9-4. ULN2803C Layout Example  
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10 Device and Documentation Support  
10.1 Receiving Notification of Documentation Updates  
To
r
eceive notification of documentation updates, navigate to the device product folder on

. Click on  
Subscribe to updates
to register and receive a weekly digest of any product information that has changed. For  
change details, review the revision history included in any revised document.  
10.2 Support Resources  

TI E2E

support forums
are an engineer’s go-to source for fast, verified answers and design help — straight  
from the experts. Search existing answers or ask your own question to get the quick design help you need.  
Linked content is provided “AS IS” by the respective contributors. They do not constitute TI specifications and do  
not necessarily reflect TI’s views; see TI’s

.  
10.3 Trademarks  
TI E2E

™

is a trademark of
T
e
xas Instruments.  
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.  
10.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution  
This integrated circuit can be damaged by ESD.
T
e
xas Instruments recommends that all integrated circuits be handled  
with appropriate precautions. Failure to observe proper handling and installation procedures can cause damage.  
ESD damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete device failure. Precision integrated circuits may  
be more susceptible to damage because very small parametric changes could cause the device not to meet its published  
specifications.  
10.5 Glossary  
This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and definitions.  
11 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information  
The following pages include mechanical, packaging, and orderable information. This information is the most  
current data available for the designated devices. This data is subject to change without notice and revision of  
this document. For browser-based versions of this data sheet, refer to the left-hand navigation.  
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PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM  
17-Feb-2023  
PACKAGING INFORMATION  
Orderable Device  
Status Package
 
Type Package Pins Package  
Eco Plan  
Lead finish/  
Ball material  
MSL Peak Temp  
Op Temp (°C)  
Device Marking  
Samples  
Drawing  
Qty  
(1)  
(2)  
(3)  
(4/5)  
(6)  
ULN2803CDWR  
ACTIVE  
SOIC  
DW  
20  
2000 RoHS
 
& Green  
NIPDAU  
Level-1-260C-UNLIM  
-40 to 85  
ULN2803C  

(1)

The marketing status values are defined as follows:  
ACTIVE:
Product device recommended for new designs.  
LIFEBUY:
TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.  
NRND:
Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.  
PREVIEW:
Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.  
OBSOLETE:
TI has discontinued the production of the device.  

(2)

RoHS:
TI defines “RoHS” to mean semiconductor products that are compliant with the current EU RoHS requirements for all 10 RoHS substances, including the requirement that RoHS substance  
do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, “RoHS” products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. TI may  
reference these types of products as “Pb-Free”.  
RoHS Exempt:
TI defines “RoHS Exempt” to mean products that contain lead but are compliant with EU RoHS pursuant to a specific EU RoHS exemption.  
Green:
TI defines “Green” to mean the content of Chlorine (Cl) and Bromine (Br) based flame retardants meet JS709B low halogen requirements of <=1000ppm threshold. Antimony trioxide based  
flame retardants must also meet the <=1000ppm threshold requirement.  

(3)

MSL, Peak Temp. – The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.  

(4)

There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device.  

(5)

Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a “~” will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a continuation  
of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Device Marking for that device.  
(6)  
Lead finish/Ball material – Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead finish/Ball material values may wrap to two  
lines if the finish value exceeds the maximum column width.  
Important Information and Disclaimer:
The information provided on this page represents TI’s knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information  
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and  
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.  
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.  
In no event shall TI’s liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.  
Addendum-Page 1  

PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION  
30-Dec-2022  
TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION  
REEL DIMENSIONS  
TAPE DIMENSIONS  
K0  
P1  
W
B0  
Reel  
Diameter  
Cavity  
A0  
A0 Dimension
 
designed to accommodate the component width  
B0 Dimension
 
designed to accommodate the component length  
K0 Dimension
 
designed to accommodate the component thickness  
Overall width of the carrier tape  
W
P1 Pitch
 
between successive cavity centers  
Reel Width (W1)  
QUADRANT ASSIGNMENTS FOR PIN 1 ORIENTATION IN TAPE  
Sprocket Holes  
Q1 Q2  
Q3 Q4  
Q1 Q2  
Q3 Q4  
User Direction of Feed  
Pocket Quadrants  
*All dimensions are nominal  
Device  
Package Package Pins  
Type Drawing  
SPQ  
Reel  
Reel  
A0  
B0  
K0  
P1  
W
Pin1  
Diameter Width
 
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
 
Quadrant  
(mm) W1
 
(mm)  
ULN2803CDWR  
SOIC  
DW  
20  
2000  
330.0  
24.4  
10.9  
13.3  
2.7  
12.0  
24.0  
Q1  
Pack Materials-Page 1  

PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION  
30-Dec-2022  
TAPE AND REEL BOX DIMENSIONS  
Width (mm)  
H
W
L
*All dimensions are nominal  
Device  
Package Type
 
Package Drawing
 
Pins  
SOIC DW
 
20  
SPQ  
Length (mm)
 
Width (mm)
 
Height (mm)  
356.0 356.0
 
41.0  
ULN2803CDWR  
2000  
Pack Materials-Page 2  

PACKAGE OUTLINE  
DW0020A  
SOIC – 2.65 mm max height  
S
C
A
L
E
1
.
2
0
0
SOIC  
C
10.63  
9.97  
SEATING PLANE  
TYP  
PIN 1 ID  
AREA  
0.1 C  
A
18X 1.27  
20  
1
13.0  
12.6  
NOTE 3  
2X  
11.43  
10  
11  
0.51  
0.31  
20X  
2.65 MAX  
7.6  
7.4  
B
0.25  
C A B  
NOTE 4  
0.33  
0.10  
TYP  
0.25  
SEE DETAIL A  
GAGE PLANE  
0 –
 
8  
0.3  
0.1  
1.27  
0.40  
DETAIL A  
TYPICAL  
4220724/A 05/2016  
NOTES:  
1. All linear dimensions are in millimeters. Dimensions in parenthesis are for reference only. Dimensioning and tolerancing  
per ASME Y14.5M.  
2. This drawing is subject to change without notice.  
3. This dimension does not include mold flash, protrusions, or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusions, or gate burrs shall not  
exceed 0.15 mm per side.  
4. This dimension does not include interlead flash. Interlead flash shall not exceed 0.43 mm per side.  
5. Reference JEDEC registration MS-013.  

EXAMPLE BOARD LAYOUT  
DW0020A  
SOIC – 2.65 mm max height  
SOIC  
20X (2)  
SYMM  
1
20  
20X (0.6)  
18X (1.27)  
SYMM  
(R0.05)  
TYP  
10  
11  
(9.3)  
LAND PATTERN EXAMPLE  
SCALE:6X  
SOLDER MASK  
OPENING  
SOLDER MASK  
OPENING  
METAL UNDER  
METAL  
SOLDER MASK  
0.07 MAX  
ALL AROUND  
0.07 MIN  
ALL AROUND  
SOLDER MASK  
DEFINED  
NON SOLDER MASK  
DEFINED  
SOLDER MASK DETAILS  
4220724/A 05/2016  
NOTES: (continued)  
6. Publication IPC-7351 may have alternate designs.  
7. Solder mask tolerances between and around signal pads can vary based on board fabrication site.  

EXAMPLE STENCIL DESIGN  
DW0020A  
SOIC – 2.65 mm max height  
SOIC  
20X (2)  
SYMM  
1
20  
20X (0.6)  
18X (1.27)  
SYMM  
10  
11  
(9.3)  
SOLDER PASTE EXAMPLE  
BASED ON 0.125 mm THICK STENCIL  
SCALE:6X  
4220724/A 05/2016  
NOTES: (continued)  
8. Laser cutting apertures with trapezoidal walls and rounded corners may offer better paste release. IPC-7525 may have alternate  
design recommendations.  
9. Board assembly site may have different recommendations for stencil design.  

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